The use of nanotechnology in medicine offers some exciting possibilities. Some techniques are only imagined, while others are at various stages of testing, or actually being used today.Whatever you call it, the use of nanotechnology in the field of medicine could revolutionize the way we detect and treat damage to the human body and disease in the future, and many techniques only imagined a few years ago are making remarkable progress towards becoming realities. Nanotechnology in medicine involves applications of nanoparticles currently under development, as well as longer range research that involves the use of manufactured nano-robots to make repairs at the cellular level.

The pharmaceutical industry has become one of the most developed sectors in recent times. The progressive advancements of science and technology in general have been one of the factors that has stimulated the growth of this sector. Like other industrial sectors, the pharmaceutical industry has moved toward the development of more sustainable production systems, products, and processes. In particular, biopolymers have emerged as suitable entities for this application as a result of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, origin, safety, etc. In this way, biopolymers fulfill different roles in the pharmaceutical industry, beyond the usual functions such as serving as a drug-packaging material, and they can also fulfill passive and active functions as components of the drug.

The desired design of patient-centered drug products should be based on characteristics of various components, such as patients, disease, routes of administration, drug delivery technologies and active pharmaceutical ingredients. Understanding of targeting patients and their physiological and biological environments is pivotal for developing suitable patient-centered drug products.

A medical device can be any instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, appliance, implant, reagent for in vitro use, software, material or other similar or related article, intended by the manufacturer to be used, alone or in combination for a medical purpose.

The vagina has been studied as a favorable  site for the local and systemic delivery  of drugs and this route offers certain  advantages, such as avoidance of gut and  hepatic first pass metabolism, reduction  in gastrointestinal and hepatic side effects,  and local targeting of drugs to the  reproductive organs. Vaginally administered  agents and formulations are mainly  being developed to provide “dual prophylaxis”  for contraception and protection  against microbial infections including AIDS  and other sexually transmitted diseases  (STDs). Drug delivery technologies that  have been used for vaginal drug delivery  include the intravaginal ring (IVR) and  VagiSite bioadhesive technology.

Recently, there has been increased attention  for ophthalmic drug delivery as  these delivery systems require less frequent  administration than eye drops, allow  continuous drug delivery, and extend  the duration of drug action by enhancement  of corneal absorption. Ocular delivery  systems include viscous solution  and hydrogel delivery systems, ocular inserts  and contact lenses.

Oral route is one of the most extensively  used routes of drug administration because  of its obvious advantages of ease  of administration, improved patient compliance,  and convenience. In immediate  release (IR) dosage forms, there is little  or no control over release of drug from  the dosage form, which most often results  in constantly changing, unpredictable,  and often sub- or supra- therapeutic  plasma concentration. Modified  release (MR) dosage form refers to a  dosage form for which the drug-release  characteristics of time course and/or location  are chosen to accomplish therapeutic  or convenience objectives not offered  by conventional dosage forms.  Extended release (ER) and delayed release  (DR) dosage forms are two types of  MR dosage forms.  

ER dosage forms are formulated to make  the drug available over an extended period  after ingestion. This allows a reduction  in dosage frequency compared to the  drug presented as a conventional dosage  form (e.g., an IR dosage form). These  products typically provide numerous benefits,  including greater effectiveness in  the treatment of chronic conditions, reduced  side effects, greater convenience,  and higher levels of patient compliance  due to a simplified dosing schedule. The  term controlled release (CR) and extended  release are often used interchangeably.  A number of design options are available  to control or modulate the drug  release from a dosage form. Majority of  the oral dosage forms fall in the category  of matrix, reservoir, osmotic systems,  or ion exchange resins. DR dosage forms  release the drug at a time other than immediately  following oral administration.  

Vaccines are undoubtedly the most important medical technology ever discovered, and since Edward Jenner first tested his smallpox vaccine in 1798, they have resulted in substantial decreases in disease morbidity and mortality. Vaccines have traditionally been made by isolating an infectious pathogen, weakening or inactivating it, and then administering it to face the human immune system. More complex vaccine development strategies have both advantages and disadvantages. Most importantly, they provide a way forward in areas where traditional approaches have failed.

The area of vaccination continues to evolve at a breakneck pace, with more effective and acceptable novel vectors and techniques making their way into clinical use. Along with the advancement of these new rationally designed vaccines, improved and more patient-acceptable delivery mechanisms are being developed to better target and sustain the pain-free injection of antigen. Because the majority of vaccines are still delivered with a hypodermic needle, either intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intradermally, delivery is critical.

Immunotherapy and Vaccines

Novel Vaccine Drug Delivery Systems

peptide and protein therapeutic market has developed significantly in the past decades, delivery has limited their use. Although oral delivery is preferred, most are currently delivered intravenously or subcutaneously due to degradation and limited absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Intracellular delivery enables the efficient drug delivery into various types of cells and has been a long-term studied topics in modern biotechnology. Targeted delivery with improved delivery efficacy requires considerable requirements. This process is a critical step in many cellular-level studies, such as cellular drug therapy, gene editing delivery, and a series of biomedical research applications. The emergence of micro- and nanotechnology has enabled the more accurate and dedicated intracellular delivery, and it is expected to be the next generation of controlled delivery with unprecedented flexibility.

Vaccines are the preparations given to patients to evoke immune responses leading to the production of antibodies (humoral) or cell-mediated responses that will combat infectious agents or noninfectious conditions such as malignancies. Alarming safety profile of live vaccines, weak immunogenicity of sub-unit vaccines and immunization, failure due to poor patient compliance to booster doses which should potentiate prime doses are few strong reasons, which necessitated the development of new generation of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines to promote effective immunization. Attempts are being made to deliver vaccines through carriers as they control the spatial and temporal presentation of antigens to immune system thus leading to their sustained release and targeting. Hence, lower doses of weak immunogens can be effectively directed to stimulate immune responses and eliminate the need for the administration of prime and booster doses as a part of conventional vaccination regimen. This paper reviews carrier systems such as liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, dendrimers, micellar systems, ISCOMs, plant-derived viruses which are now being investigated and developed as vaccine delivery systems. This paper also describes various aspects of “needle-free technologies” used to administer the vaccine delivery systems through different routes into the human body.

Targeted drug delivery is a system of specifying the drug moiety directly into its targeted body area (organ, cellular, and subcellular level of specific tissue) to overcome the aspecific toxic effect of conventional drug delivery, thereby reducing the amount of drug required for therapeutic efficacy.

Liposomes are a novel drug delivery system (NDDS), they are vesicular structures consisting of bilalyers which form spontaneously when phospholipids are dispersed in water. They are microscopic vesicles in which an aqueous volume is entirely enclosed by a membrane composed of lipid bilayers.

Drug delivery technologies have enabled the development of many pharmaceutical products that improve patient health by enhancing the delivery of a therapeutic to its target site, minimizing off-target accumulation and facilitating patient compliance.

Magnetic drug targeting is a method by which magnetic drug carriers in the body are manipulated by external magnetic fields to reach the target area. This method is potentially promising in applications for treatment of diseases like cancers, nervous system diseases, sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and so on, due to the advantages in that it can improve efficacy, reduce drug dosage and side effects. Therefore, it has received extensive attention in recent years.

Polymeric drug delivery systems have been achieved great development in the last two decades. Polymeric drug delivery has defined as a formulation or a device that enables the introduction of a therapeutic substance into the body. Biodegradable and bio-reducible polymers make the magic possible choice for lot of new drug delivery systems. The future prospects of the research for practical applications has required for the development in the field.

Pulmonary delivery has been until now primarily  used for the treatment of respiratory  disease. Recently, the lungs' natural  ability to transfer molecules into the blood  stream has been utilised for delivering  drugs to the systemic circulation. This  method is a non invasive alternative to the  painful injections and can lead to rapid  onset of action and good bioavailability.  Inhalation devices broadly fall into three  categories: Pressurised metered-dose inhalers  (MDIs), nebulisers, and dry powder inhalers (DPIs). MDIs contain drugs as a  solution or a suspension of fine particles  in a liquefied propellant held under high  pressure. The drug is emitted through an  orifice from a metering valve. Nebulizers,  on the other hand, do not require propellants and can generate large quantities of  small droplets capable of penetrating into  the lung. DPI is a device that delivers medication  to the lungs in the form of a dry  powder and requires some procedure to  allow a measured dose of powder to be ready for the patient to take. The drug is  typically held either in a capsule for manual  loading or a proprietary form from inside  the inhaler itself. Once loaded or actuated,  the patient puts the mouthpiece  of the inhaler into their mouth and takes  a deep inhalation, thereby delivering the drug. 

Systemic delivery of drugs via transdermal  route has generated a considerable  interest during the last decade. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) deliver  drugs through the skin into the systemic  circulation at a predetermined rate,  thereby avoiding metabolism in the gastrointestinal  tract and liver. Therefore,  the amount of active ingredient required  for transdermal delivery can be significantly  less than that for oral systems.  TDDS provide constant blood levels for  one to seven days and increased patient  compliance.

Bio Pharmaceutics conferences plays an important role in drug discovery like drug disposition, Innovations in clinical development, Pharmaceutical technology, Pharmaceutics and drug delivery, Drug design, Targeted drug, gene delivery,  Sustained drug delivery system, Routes of administration, Fundamental drug development.

A biomaterial is any substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose - either a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair or replace a tissue function of the body) or a diagnostic one. Biomaterials conferences can be derived either from nature or synthesized in the laboratory using a variety of chemical approaches utilizing metallic components, polymers, ceramics or composite materials. They are often used and/or adapted for a medical application, and thus comprise whole or part of a living structure or biomedical device which performs, augments, or replaces a natural function. Such functions may be benign, like being used for a heart valve, or may be bioactive with a more interactive functionality such as hydroxy-apatite coated hip implants. Biomaterials 2021 are also used every day in dental applications, surgery, and drug delivery. For example, a construct with impregnated pharmaceutical products can be placed into the body, which permits the prolonged release of a drug over an extended period of time. A biomaterial may also be an autograft, allograft or xenograft used as a transplant material.

In this session we will focus on medical devices designed for drug delivery conferences through the pulmonary and nasal routes. These routes are of interest for local delivery, as in asthma, but also for rapid delivery of drugs to the system circulation and direct delivery to the central nervous system. Devices that account for specific anatomical and physiological features of the intranasal and pulmonary routes will be featured. Drug delivery devices are specialized tools for the delivery of a drug or therapeutic agent via a specific route of administration. Such devices are used as part of one or more medical treatments. Many in the industry have long felt overly burdened by what they consider to be an unnecessarily complex approval process. Critics claim it impedes innovation and delays the availability of better health care. In order to help innovators bring health care to the public Pharmaceutica 2021 hosts drug delivery conferences throughout the year.

Nanomedicine is simply the nanotechnology applications in a healthcare setting and the majority of benefits that have already been seen involve the use of nanoparticles to improve the behavior of drug substances and in drug delivery. Today, nanomedicine conferences are used globally to improve the treatments and lives of patients suffering from a range of disorders including ovarian and breast cancer, kidney disease, fungal infections, elevated cholesterol, menopausal symptoms, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, asthma and emphysema. Nanomedicine has the potential to develop radical new therapies based on an unprecedented control over both intracellular processes and the extracellular environment at the nanometer scale. To create precise solutions for intricate medical challenges in the area of wound healing, tissue regeneration and mitochondrial disease physical scientists, medical doctors, and industrial partners, work closely in the Radboud Nanomedicine Alliance. The National Nanotechnology Initiative expects new commercial applications in the pharmaceutical industry that may include advanced delivery systems, new therapies, and in vivo imaging.

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Novel drug delivery is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the medication in some parts of the body relative to others. This means of delivery is largely founded on nanomedicine, which plans to employ nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery in order to combat the downfalls of conventional drug delivery. These nanoparticles would be loaded with drugs and targeted to specific parts of the body where there is solely diseased tissue, thereby avoiding interaction with healthy tissue. The goal of a targeted drug delivery systems is to prolong, localize, target and have a protected drug interaction with the diseased tissue. The conventional drug delivery system is the absorption of the drug across a biological membrane, whereas the targeted release system releases the drug in a dosage form. The advantages to the targeted release system is the reduction in the frequency of the dosages taken by the patient, having a more uniform effect of the drug, reduction of drug side-effects, and reduced fluctuation in circulating drug levels. The disadvantage of the system is high cost, which makes productivity more difficult and the reduced ability to adjust the dosages.

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Pharmaceutical nanotechnology has provided more fine-tuned diagnosis and focused treatment of disease at a molecular level. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology is most innovative and highly specialized field, which will revolutionize the pharmaceutical industry in near future. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology presents revolutionary opportunities to fight against many diseases. It helps in detecting the antigen associated with diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, as well as detecting the microorganisms and viruses associated with infections. It is expected that in next 10 years market will be flooded with nanotechnology devised medicine.

Size reduction is a fundamental unit operation having important applications in pharmacy. It helps in improving solubility and bioavailability, reducing toxicity, enhancing release and providing better formulation opportunities for drugs. In most of the cases, size reduction is limited to micron size range, for example, various pharmaceutical dosage forms like powder, emulsion, suspension etc. Drugs in the nanometer size range enhance performance in a variety of dosage forms. Major advantages of nanosizing include (i) increased surface area, (ii) enhanced solubility, (iii) increased rate of dissolution, (iv) increased oral bioavailability, (v) more rapid onset of therapeutic action, (vi) less amount of dose required, (vii) decreased fed/fasted variability, and (viii) decreased patient-to-patient variability.

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Vaccine is a material that induces an immunologically mediated resistance to a disease but not necessarily an infection. Vaccines are generally composed of killed or attenuated organisms or subunits of organisms or DNA encoding antigenic proteins of pathogens. Sub-unit vaccines though exceptionally selective and specific in reacting with antibodies often fail to show such reactions in circumstances such as shifts in epitopic identification center of antibody and are poorly immunogenic. Delivery of antigens from oil-based adjuvants such as Freunds adjuvant lead to a reduction in the number of doses of vaccine to be administered but due to toxicity concerns like inductions of granulomas at the injection site, such adjuvants are not widely used. FDA approved adjuvants for human uses are aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate in the form of alum. Hence, search for safer and potent adjuvants resulted in the formulations of antigen into delivery systems that administer antigen in particulate form rather than solution form.

Other reasons driving the development of vaccines as controlled drug delivery systems are as follows:

• Immunization failure with conventional immunization regimen involving prime doses and booster doses, as patients neglect the latter. Vaccines delivery systems on the other hand:
• Allow for the incorporation of doses of antigens so that booster doses are no longer necessary as antigens are released slowly in a controlled manner.

• Control the spatial and temporal presentation of antigens to the immune system there by promoting their targeting straight to the immune cells.

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Quality is always an imperative prerequisite when we consider any product. Therefore, drugs must be manufactured to the highest quality levels. End-product testing by itself does not guarantee the quality of the product. Quality assurance techniques must be used to build the quality into the product at every step and not just tested for at the end. In pharmaceutical industry 2019, Process Validation performs this task to build the quality into the product because according to ISO 9000:2000, it had proven to be an important tool for quality management of pharmaceuticals. Validation is one of the important steps in achieving and maintaining the quality of the final product. If each step of production process is validated we can assure that the final product is of the best quality. Validation of the individual steps of the processes is called the process validation. Different dosage forms have different validation protocols. Process Validation is one of the important steps in achieving and maintaining the quality of final product. It gives a higher degree of assurance.

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Packaging is one of the largest industry sectors in the world, worth several billions. Pharmaceutical packaging represents a meager percentage of this colossal market. The global healthcare industry has seen a shift in paradigm and is now skewed toward effective and meaningful packaging. Packaging was considered as an afterthought which was required merely in the final stages of manufacturing for many pharmaceutical companies about a decade ago.

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Clinical research is the study of health and illness in people. It is the way we learn how to prevent, diagnose and treat illness. Clinical research describes many different elements of scientific investigation. Simply put, it involves human participants and helps translate basic research (done in labs) into new treatments and information to benefit patients. Clinical trials as well as research in epidemiology, physiology and pathophysiology, health services, education, outcomes and mental health can all fall under the clinical research umbrella.

A clinical trial is a type of clinical research study. A clinical trial is an experiment designed to answer specific questions about possible new treatments or new ways of using existing (known) treatments. Clinical trials are done to determine whether new drugs or treatments are safe and effective. Clinical trials are part of a long, careful process which may take many years to complete. First, doctors study a new treatment in the lab. Then they often study the treatment in animals. If a new treatment shows promise, doctors then test the treatment in people via a clinical trial.

Standards of initial education and training for pharmacists set out the criteria against which we will approve education and training for student pharmacists and pre-registration trainee pharmacists. The standards ensure that newly registered pharmacists are competent to practice safely and effectively. The mission of pharmacy education is to prepare graduates who provide patient centered care that ensures optimal medication therapy outcomes and provides a foundation for specialization in specific areas of pharmacy practice; to participate in the education of patients, other health care providers and future pharmacists, to conduct research and scholarly activity and to provide service and leadership to the community.

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Targeted drug delivery is also known as smart or Intelligent drug delivery. In this method, the prescribed dose is reduced, which in turn improves the treatment by reducing the side effects of the drug. In designing such systems, important factors that should be considered are: Chemical and physical properties of drugs, Side effects or cytotoxicity for healthy cells, the route to be taken to deliver the medicine, the desired location, disease, Specific properties of target cells, the nature of markers or transport carriers or vehicles, which carry drugs to specific receptors and ligands and physically modulated components. The various drug carriers that can be used in this advanced delivery system include: Polymer-drug conjugates and nanoparticle systems such as Inorganic nanoparticles (e.g., magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots), Dendrimers, liposomes and lipoproteins are monoclonal antibodies, microspheres, microemulsions and neutrophils, fibroblasts, artificial cells, micelles and immune micelles. These drug delivery systems are used in stem cell therapy, regeneration methods and cancer treatments. In this review article, the drug delivery system and the importance of targeting strategies as well as the basic aspects of targeted drug delivery were studied.